Develop an orthography

by Constance Kutsch Lojenga Ken Boothe (contributor) Barbara Jean Dawson (contributor) Lou Hohulin (contributor) Anne Klaassens (contributor) Julia R. Van Dyken (contributor)

Complete Table of Contents

Summary

This book is a collection of modules concerning the development of an orthography.

Much of the information is technical and intended for linguists. However, it addresses a wide range of linguistic and nonlinguistic factors that affect the development of an orthography. It leads you through the stages of orthography development, giving you specific guidelines for each stage.

These modules will help you think through orthography issues and make decisions that will help lead to an appropriate orthography.

The orthography section of the Bookshelf is still under construction. However, because it contains so much valuable information, it has been included in this and earlier versions.

Developing an orthography

Developing a tentative orthography

Assessing factors affecting orthography decisions

Establishing a linguistic base for orthography development

Analyzing tone

Symbolizing tone

Assessing psycholinguistic factors affecting orthography decisions

Assessing sociolinguistic factors affecting orthography decisions

Studying the history of a language

Developing an orthography for related dialects

Assessing educational factors affecting orthography decisions

Assessing production factors affecting orthography decisions

Assessing policy and political factors affecting orthography decisions

How to make spelling choices

Determining how to use punctuation marks

Determining how to use capitalization

Establishing a working orthography

Testing an orthography

Doing informal orthography testing

How to do formal orthography testing

How to do oral orthography testing

How to do written orthography testing

Evaluating the results of an orthography test

Establishing a standard orthography

Orthography development, by Constance Kutsch Lojenga

Guidelines for symbolizing consonants

Guidelines for making consonant choices

Guidelines for symbolizing stops

Guidelines for symbolizing fricatives

Guidelines for symbolizing affricates

Guidelines for symbolizing nasals

Guidelines for symbolizing liquids and vibrants

Guidelines for symbolizing semivowels

Guidelines for symbolizing implosives and glottalized consonants

Guidelines for symbolizing modified consonants

Guidelines for making vowel choices

Options for symbolizing vowels

Options for symbolizing vowel harmony

Options for symbolizing vowel length

Options for symbolizing vowel nasalization

Options for symbolizing voiceless vowels

Guidelines for deciding how much of the tone to symbolize in a language

Options for representing tone in an orthography

Symbolizing tone with diacritics

Symbolizing tone with punctuation marks

Symbolizing tone with numbers

Symbolizing tone with special letters

Guidelines for determining word boundaries

Options for marking word boundaries

Phonological guidelines for word boundaries

Guidelines for using suprasegmentals to determine word boundaries

Guidelines for using word initial restrictions to determine word boundaries

Guidelines for using word medial restrictions to determine word boundaries

Guidelines for using word final restrictions to determine word boundaries

Grammatical guidelines for word boundaries

Semantic guidelines for word boundaries

Guidelines for representing neutralization

Guidelines for representing free fluctuation

Guidelines for resolving conflicts in word boundary decisions

Guidelines for determining the form of capital letters

Guidelines for defining the use of capital letters